Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, affecting millions of people each year. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential, as an untreated UTI can lead to serious complications, especially if the infection spreads to the kidneys. A urinary tract infection can occur in different parts of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra and kidneys, each producing its own symptoms and risks.
UTIs can vary in severity, and while many resolve quickly with treatment, recurrent or untreated infections may cause long-term damage. Understanding the symptoms, causes and diagnostic methods allows quick and informed action to be taken to protect urinary health.
Common Symptoms of a UTI
General Symptoms
UTIs typically begin with mild but persistent symptoms. Common warning signs include:
- Frequent urge to urinate: You may feel the need to urinate more often than usual, even if little urine is passed each time.
- Burning sensation during urination: A sharp, stinging discomfort when urinating is one of the most recognised signs of a UTI.
- Cloudy or strong-smelling urine: The presence of bacteria or white blood cells can change the appearance and smell of urine.
- Pelvic pain (especially in women): Many women experience pressure or aching in the lower abdomen or pelvic region.
These early symptoms may be subtle at first, but they tend to worsen without treatment. Recognising them early is crucial for preventing the spread of infection to other areas of the urinary tract.
Advanced or Severe Symptoms
If a UTI is not treated early, it can progress and affect the kidneys or other areas, resulting in more serious symptoms:
- Blood in urine: Known as haematuria, this may appear as pink, red, or cola-coloured urine.
- Fever and chills: These signs often indicate that the infection has spread beyond the bladder.
- Nausea or vomiting: These symptoms may suggest a more serious kidney infection (pyelonephritis).
- Back or side pain: Pain in the lower back or sides may signal that the kidneys are affected.
Severe symptoms require immediate medical attention, as kidney infections can lead to long-term health issues or, in rare cases, sepsis.
Underlying Causes of UTIs
Bacterial Infection
The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria that naturally lives in the digestive tract. When E. coli travels from the rectum or genital area into the urethra, it can cause infection. From there, the bacteria can spread into the bladder or, in severe cases, reach the kidneys.
The urinary system usually has several defences to prevent infection, but when these are weakened or bypassed, bacteria can multiply and cause inflammation. Women are more likely to get UTIs because their urethras are shorter and located closer to the anus, where bacteria typically reside.
Contributing Risk Factors
Several behaviours and conditions can increase the likelihood of developing a UTI:
- Poor hygiene habits: Wiping from back to front, or not maintaining genital hygiene, can introduce bacteria into the urethra.
- Sexual activity: Sexual intercourse can increase the risk of UTIs, particularly in women.
- Urinary catheters: Long-term catheter use can introduce bacteria directly into the bladder.
- Blockages: Conditions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can obstruct urine flow and increase infection risk.
- Weakened immune system: Individuals with compromised immunity, including those with diabetes, are more prone to UTIs due to a reduced ability to fight off infections.
Additional risk factors include dehydration, holding in urine for extended periods and certain contraceptive methods such as diaphragms or spermicides.
How do you detect UTIs?
Urine test (urinalysis)
A urine test is typically the first step in diagnosing a UTI. It checks for white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria and other substances that indicate infection. This test is fast and usually provides results on the same day.
Urine culture
A urine culture is used to identify the exact type of bacteria causing the infection. It also helps determine which antibiotics are likely to be most effective. This is especially important for recurring infections or antibiotic resistance.
Blood test
A blood test may be required if symptoms are severe or a kidney infection is suspected. It can detect signs of systemic infection, such as elevated white blood cell count or inflammatory markers like CRP.
Physical examination
If the patient presents with abdominal or back pain, a physical exam helps assess whether the kidneys are involved or if additional testing is needed. This may include pressing on the abdomen or flanks to check for tenderness.
Symptom review
Doctors also rely on a thorough review of symptoms (such as the onset, frequency and severity of pain or urination problems) to determine the likelihood of a UTI and guide treatment. Open communication about recent sexual activity, hygiene practices or previous infections can help ensure accurate diagnosis.
Who is most at risk?
Certain groups of people are more susceptible to urinary tract infections:
- Women: Due to their shorter urethra, bacteria have a shorter distance to travel to reach the bladder.
- Older adults and postmenopausal women: Hormonal changes and reduced immune function can increase risk.
- Individuals with diabetes or spinal cord injuries: These conditions can interfere with normal bladder function or immune response.
- Pregnant women: Hormonal shifts and physical pressure on the bladder increase the likelihood of UTIs during pregnancy.
Additionally, children with urinary abnormalities or those born with structural issues in the urinary tract may be more prone to infections.
For more information on recurrent male urinary tract infections, click here.
Protecting your urinary health through early detection
UTIs can cause significant discomfort and lead to complications if left untreated, but they are also highly treatable when found early. By understanding the symptoms and causes of urinary tract infections, individuals can seek medical care promptly and reduce the risk of the infection spreading.
If you experience frequent urination, burning, pain, or other signs of a UTI, it’s important to speak with a healthcare professional. Accurate diagnosis and physical assessment is the key to effective treatment.
Taking simple steps like staying hydrated, practising proper hygiene, urinating after sexual activity and avoiding irritating products like scented soaps can reduce your risk of UTIs.
If you’re concerned about symptoms or want to rule out a UTI, do not hesitate to book an appointment with our trusted healthcare providers.
